The combination of all five provided a formula for military success.The outcome of wars has been determined less by technology, then by better war plans, the achievement of surprise, greater economic strength, and above all superior discipline. The Western way of war rests upon five principal foundations: technology, discipline, a highly aggressive military tradition, a remarkable capacity to innovate and to respond rapidly to the innovation of others and-from about 1500 onward-a unique system of war finance. Parker argues that what distinguishes the “Western way of war” accounts for its extraordinary success in conquering most of the world after 1500: In 2023, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Parker was a consultant and main contributor on the BBC series, Armada: 12 Days to Save England. He is currently the Andreas Dorpalen Professor of History at the Ohio State University. Parker has taught at the University of Illinois, the University of St Andrews, and Yale University. He holds his BA, MA, PhD, and LittD degrees from Cambridge University where he studied under the historian Sir John Elliott. His best known book is The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800, first published by Cambridge University Press in 1988. Noel Geoffrey Parker FRHistS FBA (born 25 December 1943) is an English historian specialising in the history of Western Europe, Spain, and warfare during the early modern era.
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